Research on seismic resilience evaluation method for railway beam bridges based on expert questionnaire survey
Yin Weitao1, Kang Wei2, Lu Hao2, Hu Jiahuan1, Liang Jinhao1, Feng Junji1, Zhao Canhui1,3
1.School of Civil Engineering，Southwest Jiaotong University， Chengdu 610031， China 2.China Railway First Survey and Design Institute Group Co.， Ltd.， Xi’an 710043， China 3.Key Laboratory of Seismic Safety and Resilience in Sichuan， Southwest Jiaotong University， Chengdu 610031， China
Abstract：Post-earthquake functional state of railway bridges is critical to the resilience of railway networks. A key component in resilience assessment is the quantitative modeling of bridge functionality recovery， whereas existing studies primarily focused on highway bridges. To fill the gap of railway bridge researches， an expert questionnaire survey on post-earthquake functionality recovery parameters for railway bridges was conducted. Statistical methods were employed to establish quantitative relationships among component damage states， residual traffic functionality， and recovery time. The residual traffic functionality was determined based on the first-order bound theory， while a step function endorsed by 72.5% of experts was adopted as the basic form for component recovery， leading to the proposal of a modular functionality recovery function. A questionnaire-based seismic resilience evaluation framework was developed， utilizing resilience index and recovery time with a specified confidence level as metrics. To validate the proposed method， a finite element model of a typical 4-span simply-supported railway bridge was analyzed， with the seismic resilience evaluated at a 50% confidence level. Results demonstrate that when moderate damages occur in bearings or tracks， the residual traffic functionality of bridge is approximately 0.2. The post-earthquake recovery time increases significantly when piers sustain damage， underscoring the necessity of minimizing pier damage during design.
1 LEDEZMA C， HUTCHINSON T， ASHFORD S A， et al. Effects of ground failure on bridges， roads， and railroads［J］. Earthquake Spectra， 2012， 28（S1）： 119-143. 2 HE X H， WU T， ZOU Y F， et al. Recent developments of high-speed railway bridges in China［J］. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering， 2017， 13（12）： 1584-1595. 3 袁万城， 王思杰， 李怀峰， 等. 桥梁抗震智能与韧性的发展［J］. 中国公路学报， 2021， 34（2）： 98-117. YUAN Wancheng， WANG Sijie， LI Huaifeng， et al. Development of intelligence and resilience for bridge seismic design［J］. China Journal of Highway and Transport， 2021， 34（2）： 98-117. （in Chinese） 4 ZHOU G Y， ZHU Z H， HUANG Y， et al. Post-earthquake damage probability assessment of high-speed railway simply supported bridge based on traffic capacity［J］. Engineering Structures， 2024， 318： 118741. 5 Applied Technology Council. Seismic performance assessment of buildings［R］. Washington， D.C.： Federal Emergency Management Agency， 2012. 6 建筑抗震韧性评价标准： GB/T 38591—2020［S］. 北京： 中国标准出版社， 2020. Standard for seismic resilience assessment of buildings： GB/T 38591—2020［S］. Beijing： Standards Press of China， 2020. （in Chinese） 7 DECò A， BOCCHINI P， FRANGOPOL D M. A probabilistic approach for the prediction of seismic resilience of bridges［J］. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics， 2013， 42（10）： 1469-1487. 8 PANG Y T， LUO Q， WEI K， et al. Seismic resilience assessment of reinforced concrete bridges constructed with tall piers in the deep-water environment［J］. Engineering Structures， 2025， 325： 119387. 9 ZHOU L X， ALAM M S， DONG Y， et al. Seismic resilience assessment of extended pile shaft supported coastal bridges considering scour and uniform corrosion effects［J］. Engineering Structures， 2024， 304： 117643. 10 VENKITTARAMAN A， BANERJEE S. Enhancing resilience of highway bridges through seismic retrofit［J］. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics， 2014， 43（8）： 1173-1191. 11 MACKIE K R， STOJADINOVI? B. Post-earthquake functionality of highway overpass bridges［J］. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics， 2006， 35（1）： 77-93. 12 DONG Y， FRANGOPOL D M. Risk and resilience assessment of bridges under mainshock and aftershocks incorporating uncertainties［J］. Engineering Structures， 2015， 83： 198-208. 13 KARAMLOU A， BOCCHINI P. From component damage to system-level probabilistic restoration functions for a damaged bridge［J］. Journal of Infrastructure Systems， 2017， 23（3）： 04016042. 14 王晓伟， 叶爱君， 吴学平， 等. 梁式桥抗震韧性评估方法： I.基于专家意见的构件震后功能恢复模型［J］. 土木工程学报， 2025， 58（1）： 65-76. WANG Xiaowei， YE Aijun， WU Xueping， et al. Seismic resilience assessment method for girder bridges： I.Expert opinion-based post-earthquake functionality recovery models of bridge components［J］. China Civil Engineering Journal， 2025， 58（1）： 65-76. （in Chinese） 15 BADRODDIN M， MUNTASIR BILLAH A. Multi-state functionality restoration of highway bridges using stochastic process［J］. Engineering Structures， 2023， 293： 116623. 16 WANG X W， YE A J， YANG D， et al. Component restoration models of highway bridges for resilience assessment： a nationwide expert-opinion survey study and application［J］. Earthquake Spectra， 2025， 41（1）： 495-523. 17 周连绪， 吴学平， 王晓伟， 等. 板式橡胶支座梁桥抗震韧性评估［J］. 东南大学学报： 自然科学版， 2024， 54（6）： 1386-1394. ZHOU Lianxu， WU Xueping， WANG Xiaowei， et al. Seismic resilience assessment of unbonded rubber-bearing supported girder bridges［J］. Journal of Southeast University： Natural Science Edition， 2024， 54（6）： 1386-1394. （in Chinese） 18 GUO W， WANG Y， ZENG C， et al. Moving safety evaluation of high-speed train on post-earthquake bridge utilizing real-time hybrid simulation［J］. Journal of Earthquake Engineering， 2023， 27（2）： 284-313. 19 ZHAO H， WEI B， ZHANG P， et al. Safety analysis of high-speed trains on bridges under earthquakes using a LSTM-RNN-based surrogate model［J］. Computers & Structures， 2024， 294： 107274. 20 蔡丽雯， 黄勇， 何静， 等. 2022年青海门源6.9级地震交通系统震害与启示［J］. 地震工程与工程振动， 2022， 42（4）： 8-16. CAI Liwen， HUANG Yong， HE Jing， et al. Earthquake damage and enlightenment from traffic system in 2022 Qinghai Menyuan Ms6.9 earthquake［J］. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration， 2022， 42（4）： 8-16. （in Chinese） 21 普速铁路线路修理规则： TG/GW 102—2019［S］. 北京： 中国铁路总公司， 2019. 22 段晓伟， 李伟龙， 徐斌， 等. 高铁简支梁桥震后抢险复旧方案研究［J］. 铁道标准设计， 2025， 69（6）： 90-95， 105. DUAN Xiaowei， LI Weilong， XU Bin， et al. Research on emergency repair and restoration schemes for simply supported beam bridges on high-speed railway after earthquakes［J］. Railway Standard Design， 2025， 69（6）： 90-95， 105. （in Chinese） 23 江力强， 刘小志， 蒋丽忠， 等. 含UCSD消能减震装置的高速铁路轨道-桥梁系统震后功能恢复函数［J］. 铁道科学与工程学报， 2025， 22（7）： 2859-2871. JIANG Liqiang， LIU Xiaozhi， JIANG Lizhong， et al. Post-earthquake functionality recovery function of high-speed railway track-bridge system with UCSD energy dissipation devices［J］. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering， 2025， 22（7）： 2859-2871. （in Chinese） 24 TASKARI O， SEXTOS A. Multi-angle， multi-damage fragility curves for seismic assessment of bridges［J］. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics， 2015， 44（13）： 2281-2301. 25 胡章亮， 魏标， 蒋丽忠， 等. 高速铁路桥墩损伤量化研究［J］. 土木工程学报， 2023， 56（5）： 60-68. HU Zhangliang， WEI Biao， JIANG Lizhong， et al. Research on damage quantification of high-speed railway bridge piers［J］. China Civil Engineering Journal， 2023， 56（5）： 60-68. （in Chinese） 26 PAN Y， AGRAWAL A K， GHOSN M. Seismic fragility of continuous steel highway bridges in New York State［J］. Journal of Bridge Engineering， 2007， 12（6）： 689-699. 27 TANG Y J， ZHU Z H， BA Z N， et al. Running safety assessment of trains considering post-earthquake damage state of bridge–track system［J］. Engineering Structures， 2023， 287： 116187. 28 高速铁路设计规范： TB 10621—2014［S］. 北京： 中国铁道出版社， 2014 （Code for Design of High Speed Railway： TB 10621—（2014［S］. Beijing： China Railway Publishing House， 2014 （in Chinese））） 29 尹伟涛， 远全闯， 邓开来， 等. 铁路桥梁轨道结构震损机理与易损性分析［J］. 土木工程学报， 2026， 59（6）： 108-118. YIN Weitao， YUAN Quanchuang， DENG Kailai， et al. Deterioration mechanism and seismic fragility analysis of track structures in railway bridge［J］. China Civil Engineering Journal， 2026， 59（6）： 108-118. （in Chinese） 30 BRUNEAU M， CHANG S E， EGUCHI R T， et al. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities［J］. Earthquake Spectra， 2003， 19（4）： 733-752. 31 WANG J C， YE A J， WANG X W， et al. Vertical load-carrying capacity-based functionality fragility curve （VLCC-FFC） for physics-enhanced probabilistic seismic resilience assessment of bridges： methodology and application［J］. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics， 2025， 54（7）： 1894-1911. 32 公路桥梁抗震设计规范： JTG/T 2231-01—2020［S］. 北京： 人民交通出版社， 2020 Specifications for seismic design of highway bridges： JTG/T 2231-01— 2020［S］. Beijing： China Communications Press， 2020 （in Chinese））） 33 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Guide specifications for LRFD seismic bridge design［S］. 2nd ed. Washington， D.C.： American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials， 2011. 34 CIMELLARO G P， REINHORN A M， BRUNEAU M. Seismic resilience of a hospital system［J］. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering， 2010， 6（1/2）： 127-144. 35 XIE X， YANG T Y. Performance evaluation of Chinese high-speed railway bridges under seismic loads［J］. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics， 2020， 20（5）： 2050066. 36 桥梁球型支座： GB/T 17955—2009［S］. 北京： 中国标准出版社， 2009 （Spherical bearings for bridges： GB/T 17955—（2009［S］. Beijing： Standards Press of China， 2009 （in Chinese））） 37 YUAN Q C， YIN W T， DENG K L， et al. Seismic vulnerability assessment of a railway beam bridge considering brittle failure of the restrainer in a friction pendulum system［J］. Earthquake Engineering and Resilience， 2024， 3（3）： 432-446. 38 胡章亮， 魏标， 蒋丽忠， 等. 高速铁路梁桥建模参数敏感性分析［J］. 铁道科学与工程学报， 2023， 20（2）： 393-404. HU Zhangliang， WEI Biao， JIANG Lizhong， et al. Sensitivity analysis of modeling parameters of high-speed railway girder bridges［J］. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering， 2023， 20（2）： 393-404. （in Chinese） 39 铁路工程抗震设计规范： GB 50111—2006［S］. 2009版. 北京： 中国计划出版社， 2009 （Code for seismic design of railway engineering： GB 50111—2006［S］. 2009 ed. Beijing： China Planning Press， 2009 （in Chinese）） 40 MACKIE K R， LU J C， ELGAMAL A. Performance-based earthquake assessment of bridge systems including ground-foundation interaction［J］. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering， 2012， 42： 184-196. 41 WEI B， TAN H， WAN K C， et al. Seismic performance of railway bridges with novel ductile piers under near-fault earthquakes［J］. Transportation Geotechnics， 2024， 46： 101241.
