In order to investigate the fatigue performance of Q690D high-strength steel bolted connections, fatigue tests were carried out on Q690D high-strength steel base metal, perforated plates and bolted connections, respectively. The S-N design curves were fitted and compared with current design standards, which provided a comprehensive assessment for the fatigue properties and service life. The results show that the fatigue limit values of base metal, perforated plates and bolted connections are respectively increased by 170%, 76.02% and 47.76% compared with Code GB50017, and increased by 200%, 131.77% and 70.49% compared with Code ANSI360. This indicates that Q690D high-strength steel bolted connections have high fatigue resistance. The influence of stress concentration and bolt tightening force on the fatigue strength of the specimens is discussed. The larger the stress concentration factor is, the smaller the fatigue strength. And the bolt tightening force can ease the stress concentration, which indirectly improves the fatigue life. Based on the assumption of zero plastic cumulative strain rate, the fatigue damage formula is obtained. The stress concentration can reflect the development of damage to some extent and the damage curves can explain the mechanism of fatigue failure.